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In the end of the XVIth century, before arrival of Russians on the south of Western Siberia, nations, which lived
in the Upper Ob-Irtish side and in the Altai mountains, on the language were divided in two
large isolated groups: Turkic-speaking and Mongolian-speaking. To Turkis,
which one in Russian annals often named as "tartars", concerned Teleuts,
Telengits, Tubalars, Chelkan and Kumandin (now these peoples are known under
by general name "Altai people"), and also Shore people, Chat, Yeushtin and other
Ob-side nations.
By the Mongolians("Mungalians" or "Mugals") Russian named East-Mongolian
nation, who lived to the East from the Altai ridges, on the territory, which one up to
beginnings of XXth century was named Halhoi (this historical area almost corresponds
to the modern Mongolian Republic). In the West the state of Altin-Khans (East-Mongolians)
bordered with the Oirat principality.
Under the data of the Siberian annals on a boundary of the XVIth and the XVIIth centuries the possession of western
Mongolians (Oirats), which Russian named "Kalmiks", extended up to
the region of modern city Omsk. In the same place "the edge of Kalmik steppe" is marked.
and on more late maps of S.U. Remezov. Apart from Western Mongolia the nomad encampment
of Oirats covered in the beginning of the XVIIth century the vast areas on the right-bank side
of the Irtish.
Long time the Oirats were in dependence from Altin-Khans, however in
1587 they managed to defeat the numerous army of Halhas people and
to achieve the independence. After that confrontation between western and
by eastern Mongolians has not stopped, frequently reaching up to a straight line armed
collisions.
In the beginning of the XVIIth century the struggle with the Altai-Khans was continued with Hara-Hula at the head
(in the russian data - "Karakula", "Karakula-Taisha") - head of the
most powerful oirat clan Choros (Dgungarian). In autumn 1620 the war between the
western Mongolians and Halhoi flared up again.
In summer 1621 Russians, who visited the place between the Ob and the Irtish
informed, that there " the black kalmiks wandered...
Soon the Ob-Irtish steppes seemed to oirats to be not the reliable cover:
the threat to be defeated again made them to move to the right bank of the Ob
and to built there
the furtification, which was sutuated on the territory
of the present-day Talmen district. The data, which reported about it, is saved
as a copy, made for the academian Gerard Fridrich Miller in the second quarter of the XVIIth century.
In the information of the Tomsk voivodes to the boyar Matvei Godunov
about the expected arrival of the Kazakh army and Altin-Khan
is written, that "the black Kalmiks came to the Ob... and in the mouth of the Chumish they built the town...
they paased there the winter..."
On whose territory did the oirats try to be saved from Altai-Khan in 1621?
In the document of 1604 from words of the Yeushtin prince Toyan the distances from the future city Tomsk up to neighboring are listed.
If we try to picture these distances on the map of Tomsk, that
it turnes out, the "the nearest nomad encampment" of the Mongolian Taisha could be situated
approximately
on the source of the Chumish,
and the southern border of the moving of Abak streched in 1604 near the mouth of the river
Inja, not far from present-day Novosibirsk.
A.P. Umanskji as a first formulated the mission of the search for the situation
of the oirat "town" in the mouth of the Chumish,
Him belongs the merit of detection in
1959 of an ancient fortress on a coast of a lake Kokuiskoye. Later on lake were the oddments of other ancient stabilities are open. In October, 1993. V.B. Borodayev
has examined on a western coast of lake adjoining to a modern mouth of the Chumish
not less than ten towns. Their moats, the shafts and housing places are well-marked
in a relief. One of these fortresses, apparently, is left by western
Mongolians - Oirats, who found there shelter in 1621, shortly before
derivations of the own state - Dgungarian Empire.
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